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For the last few months, I’ve been involved in Charles Wankel’s latest crowdsourcing project. He’s leading a team of several hundred managers and scholars who will contribute to Managing Through Collaboration. The paper edition of the book will be published in January 2010 by Routledge.

I’m editing Chapter 22 on information technology and e-business. Almost 400 of the contributors are at the Academy of Management meeting in Anaheim, and I’ve participated in several editor and chapter team meetings during the conference.

I’m also working on social media and a blog to support the project. Many of us are on LinnkedIn and Facebook, and I’m setting up a FriendFeed room for the project.

As we approach the start of the academic year, the rising cost of almost everything has created a surge of interest in electronic books, in legal and unlicensed versions.

As we’ve discussed in earlier billso.com articles, college textbooks are expensive. Rising oil prices have fueled steep price increases for new books, and have driven up the prices of used textbooks.

In April 2008, Sage, Oxford and Cambridge recently sued four administrators at Georgia State University. The publishers believed that digital course packs assembled by faculty and posted to university servers violated the publishers’ copyright claims, as no licenses had been purchased for the articles or textbook chapters included in these downloads. This New York Times article called Publishers Sue Georgia State on Digital Reading Matter the Chronicle of Higher Education’s article Publishers Sue Georgia State U. for Copyright Infringement have additional details.

Meanwhile, one of the largest operators of college bookstores has purchased an e-publishing company. Follett believes that CafeScribe will become a dominant player in college e-book publishing, by helping students and faculty self-publish their materials in a social networking environment while offering electronic versions of printed textbooks. See this Will the CafeScribe Acquisition Give a Boost to Electronic Textbooks? for an interview with CafeScribe’s CEO, Bryce Johnson.

Textbook publishers have reluctantly adopted e-book and web-based publishing technologies, including multiple types of digital rights management (DRM). Some systems require students to log on or access the digital book from one specific computer. Other systems check for multiple sessions logged in with identical usernames.

Some publishers bundle web site access with new copies of their books. A coupon is included with the book, including a subscription code that gives the purchasing student 3 to 6 months of access to a companion web site that may include additional readings, exercises, downloads and streaming media. The coupon is useless after it’s used, so purchasers of the used book have to find their own access to the companion web site, or do without that material.

Scanning the material

Digital systems help publishers reduce their costs, but students continue to find way to break or defeat these systems. Creating a scanned textbook can be a labor-intensive task, but it’s manageable when the work is distributed among a group of people. The paper format of a book has been a mild form of physical rights management (PRM). There’s more discussion in this New York Times article called First It Was Song Downloads. Now It’s Organic Chemistry.

The scanned book is a collection of high-resolution image files, in which each page is captured as a single image file. Pages can be color corrected so that the final collection has natural renditions of the textbook’s colors. While this is trivial for a book that is entirely text, many college textbooks use multiple fonts, colors, images and callouts to engage the reader.

The image files are numbered in sequential order and cembedded into PDF files. If there are additional downloads or scereen captures from the companion website or optical disks, these files and the images can be compressed into a massive ZIP or RAR file.

In the past, the size of the file was a barrier to distribution. The widespread availability of broadband Internet access, along with massive, inexpensive hard drives, have driven down the average student’s costs of textbook piracy.

Encrypting the Internet

Peer-to-peer (P2P) networks are a popular distribution point for unlicensed, scanned versions of college textbooks. 

ISPs and copyright holders have developed elaborate systems to monitor and disrupt P2P networks. the BitTorrent protocol includes encryption support, to help users hide the contents of their packets. This newsteevee.com article called The Pirate Bay Wants to Encrypt the Entire Internet describes how one of the most popular P2P sites, Sweden’s The Pirate Bay, has proposed nothing less than a new encryption protocol to protect Internet traffic while in transit.

Transparent end-to-end encryption for the Internets or IPETEE could be installed as an application or driver in the client’s operating system, allowing any and every net-aware application on the computer to connect with encrypted peers and servers. Of course, ISPs could still detect the patterns and quantity of traffic coming from an encrypted client, and throttle or shut down the client’s bandwidth.

In the interest of full disclosure, I’m a chapter editor on a textbook that is scheduled for 2010. It’s called Managing Through Collaboration. I’ve also published a chapter in another textbook, and I was a contributing author on a Sybex CIW Foundations book in 2002. See the billso.com books page for more details.

Related articles and pages on billso.com

• Copyright and fair use
• Creative Commons
• 3 June 2008: 100 years of first sale
• 15 May 2008: Download that movie, lose your home
• 23 April 2008: Amazon’s Kindle hasn’t caught fire yet
• 14 April 2008: Virgin Media CEO claims net neutrality is “bollocks”
• 10 April 2008: Media giants want to end US fair use doctrine
• 21 February 2008: Copyright and fair use
• 4 February 2008: Better than free
• 13 November 2007: File sharing and campus security
• 5 October 2007: What’s wrong with copyright
• 13 November 2007: File sharing and campus security
• 17 July 2007: A quick explanation of copyright law
• 29 September 2006: US copyright law in verse
• 23 August 2004: Wheelock’s Latin holds the line on high textbook prices
• 15 August 2004: American Library Association promotes fair use
• 27 June 2003: Sue your best customers

Sunday, 1 June 2008, was the 100th anniversary of the first sale doctrine in the US.

As I’ve mentioned before in this billso.com article on 24 March 2008, the first sale doctrine allows someone who buys a book to resell it or pass it along as they see fit.

This important principle of US copyright law applies to other media, too. Last month, a Federal court upheld the rights of eBay sellers to vend software, according to this Ars Technia article. First sale allows people to resell or give away CDs, DVDs and other works that they purchased.

Creative Commons licenses allow users to share and adapt applicable works, which is an excellent extension of the first sale doctrine.

See this article in Everybody’s Libraries for more details

Related pages on billso.com

• Copyright and fair use
• Creative Commons

After breaking away from Amazon back in 2006, Borders has finally unveiled its new e-commerce web site. This may be a last-ditch effort for Borders, whose revenues are insufficient to service the company’s mounting debt, as I noted in this billso.com article of 28 March 2008.

Borders will try to reestablish its web presence after 7 years of outsourcing by offering free shipping on orders of $25 or more, just like Amazon and Barnes & Noble. Borders will also offer free shipping to its stores, where customers can pick up their books. Border’s in-store kiosks will be connected to the new site, so customers can access their wish lists.

See these articles from the Associated Press and the New York Times for more details.

I recently read a review of the Amazon Kindle on BlogNButter.com. The Kindle is a nice idea… but Amazon charges a conversion fee for every DOC, TXT file or PDF you want to put on your device. Since the Sprint connection charges are built-in to the purchase fee, these seems really petty. RSS and newspaper subscriptions are also on a pay-as-you-go basis, which is a shame. I’d use Kindle if unlimited RSS reading was bundled into the purchase price.

US$399 is a steep price tag, especially when the Kindle was on backorder for several weeks after its initial release. Amazon has the Kindle back in stock, and I won’t be ordering one any time soon.

If Amazon really wanted customers like me to use the device, they’d give me a free Kindle. I buy enough books from Amazon every year, after all. We can’t get Amazon Prime here in Hawaii, but we still get free shipping on most orders over US$25. I’d rather get the content through a device.

If the Kindle does survive, expect the price to drop through the floor within 2 years. As I mentioned on 24 March 2008, Kindle would be a great tool for students if the content was free. Perhaps universities could build the textbook charges into the usual fees that get tacked onto tuition bills.